The Scope Of Study And Limitation Construction Essay Example For Students

The Scope Of Study And Limitation Construction Essay The subject for this thesis is a survey on the building wastes minimisation in Malaysia Construction Industry. Nowadays, building and destruction waste that produced in the site is increasing and going larger part of the waste disposed in Malaysia landfill. This research is selected and carried out chiefly due to the waste stuffs from site have been mostly generated and most of the Construction Industries in Malaysia have non been rehearsing by utilizing 4Rs Concept to minimise the waste on site. This is might do serious impact to the environment. The building waste has generated a important sum of waste to the Earth that causes major impact on the planetary. Therefore, solutions have to be implemented to minimising the building waste to cut down the impact of the environment. Rising disposal costs and decrease in figure of landfills create a demand to seek for options to cut down, reuse, recycle and replace of building waste being generated. Under this averment, execution of building waste direction can be one of the evident solutions for the industry to minimise waste and waste disposal, finally cut downing costs incurred during the procedure and lending to the planetary Environmental-friendly motion ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . The building waste will increase from clip to clip in during the development of really big undertakings particularly located in Town country. Therefore, the necessity of happening appropriate solution to cut down the potency of building waste been generated. Nowadays the waste direction is non an option any longer but necessary. It must be earnestly concerns and implement a utile tool to minimise the building waste on site. Therefore, Reused and Recycle has been known as one of the best solution to recycle the waste stuffs into recycled contents and turn into useable stuffs. Sadly though, our national domestic recycling rate still excurse around a mere five per centum ( Bernama, 2006 ) . Presently in Malaysia, it is still non much of the building industry pattern of 4Rs Concept. Thus, implementing of 4Rs Concept is one of the methods to work out the stuff waste to minimise the waste. Harmonizing to Yusoff ( 2010 ) has seemingly stated that wastages affect non merely to the environment but besides incur excess costs. In Malaysia, there is a immense potency in reuse and recycle of building waste into alternate stuffs that is useable in Malayan Construction industry if implement right. This will hopefully convey about building revival ( Yusoff, 2010 ) . In many of the developed states have started to implement reuse and recycle of the building stuffs sharply. The building wastes affect non merely the environment but besides incurred excess cost has been spent on the new stuff. This is chiefly due to maybe the un-used stuff on site has been damaged and extra cost demand to reorder the stuff. Therefore, there is a demand of implementing a good stuff storage to avoid damaging the stuff. Other than that, the method of reuse and recycle of waste has been mostly used on other developed counties. This means that there are has the immense potency in reuse and recycle of waste stuff on site in Malaysia. Thurs, implementing 4Rs Concept to cut down the excess cost incur on the unneeded stuffs and besides reuse and recycle of building waste in the Malayan building industry. This will hopefully minimise the building waste from being mostly generated on site. Outline1 Problem Statement2 Research Goals3 Undertaking Aim4 Aims of Undertaking5 Cardinal Questions6 Background of Study7 Scope of Study and Limitation8 Contribution of the survey9 Research Methodology10 Phase 1 Literature Review and the Pilot Study11 Phase 2 The Technique of Data Collections12 Primary Source13 Questionnaire14 Secondary Beginning15 Phase 3 The Result of Analysis and Findingss16 Phase 4 The Conclusion and Recommendation of Data Analysis17 Phase 118 Technique of Data Collection19 ( Primary beginning, Questionnaires )20 Phase 221 A instance survey about the fire protection system in commercial edifice22 A set of inquiry will be distribute to the commercial edifice s users to dertermine theier cognition about fire safety23 An interview would be carry out to the fire safety professionalSTAGE 324 Phase 425 Figure 1.1: The Flow Chart of the Research Methodology26 Summaries of Chapters27 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Research28 Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal29 Chapt er 3: Research Methodology30 Chapter 4: The Result of Analysis and Findingss31 Chapter 5: Decisions and Recommendations32 1.9 Drumhead33 Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal34 2.1 Introduction35 2.2 The overview of the Malayan building industry36 2.3 The types of waste produced in Malaya37 2.3.1 Construction and Demolition waste38 Construction waste39 Demolition waste40 Construction waste41 Percent ( % ) By Volume42 Demolition waste43 Percent ( % ) By Volume44 2.4 The categorization of the building waste45 Evitable waste46 Ineluctable waste47 Potential waste48 2.4.4 Compensating waste49 2.5 The causes of the building waste50 Undertaking Phase51 Causes of Waste52 2.6 The impact of building waste53 2.7 The building waste minimisation steps54 The method to minimise the building waste55 The 4Rs Concept56 The types of recycling building stuffs57 Bricks and blocks58 The undamaged brick and block can be reused in the other new undertaking. Other than recycling the brick and block, the brick a nd block that is harm can besides be used to recycle as ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) :59 Glass60 Forests61 Plastic62 Gypsum gypsum board63 Insulation64 3.0 The benefits of minimising the building waste65 3.1 Drumhead66 Work Programme and Time Table67 Activities68 NUMBER OF WEEKS69 170 271 372 473 574 675 776 877 978 1079 1180 1281 1382 Preparation OF PROPOSAL83 A84 A85 A86 A87 A88 A89 A90 A91 A92 A93 A94 A95 A96 Identify and finalize the research subject97 A98 A99 A100 A101 A102 A103 A104 A105 A106 A107 A108 A109 A110 Fix the thesis proposal111 A112 A113 A114 A115 A116 A117 A118 A119 A120 A121 A122 A123 A124 Allow the supervisor to O.K. on the subject125 A126 A127 A128 A129 A130 A131 A132 A133 A134 A135 A136 A137 A138 Prepare working programme and clip tabular array139 A140 A141 A142 A143 A144 A145 A146 A147 A148 A149 A150 A151 A152 Find beginnings sing to the research subject153 A154 A155 A156 A157 A158 A159 A160 A161 A162 A163 A164 A165 A166 Carry out in deepness survey on the Artic les167 A168 A169 A170 A171 A172 A173 A174 A175 A176 A177 A178 A179 A180 Chapter 1 Introduction181 A182 A183 A184 A185 A186 A187 A188 A189 A190 A191 A192 A193 A194 Introduction195 A196 A197 A198 A199 A200 A201 A202 A203 A204 A205 A206 A207 A208 Research Goals ( Aim and Objectives )209 A210 A211 A212 A213 A214 A215 A216 A217 A218 A219 A220 A221 A222 Background of Study223 A224 A225 A226 A227 A228 A229 A230 A231 A232 A233 A234 A235 A236 Scope of Study and Limitation237 A238 A239 A240 A241 A242 A243 A244 A245 A246 A247 A248 A249 A250 Research Methodology251 A252 A253 A254 A255 A256 A257 A258 A259 A260 A261 A262 A263 A264 Summaries of Chapters265 A266 A267 A268 A269 A270 A271 A272 A273 A274 A275 A276 A277 A278 Submit first bill of exchange of chapter 1 for look intoing279 A280 A281 A282 A283 A284 A285 A286 A287 A288 A289 A290 A291 A292 Improve and do good on overall Chapter 1293 A294 A295 A296 A297 A298 A299 A300 A301 A302 A303 A304 A305 A306 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW307 A308 A309 A310 A311 A312 A313 A314 A315 A316 A317 A318 A319 A320 Undertake literature reappraisal321 A322 A323 A324 A325 A326 A327 A328 A329 A330 A331 A332 A333 A334 Fix the constructions of the literature reappraisal335 A336 A337 A338 A339 A340 A341 A342 A343 A344 A345 A346 A347 A348 Write literature reappraisal349 A350 A351 A352 A353 A354 A355 A356 A357 A358 A359 A360 A361 A362 Submit first bill of exchange of chapter 2 for look intoing363 A364 A365 A366 A367 A368 A369 A370 A371 A372 A373 A374 A375 A376 Improve and do good on overall Chapter 2377 A378 A379 A380 A381 A382 A383 A384 A385 A386 A387 A388 A389 A390 SUBMISSION OF CHAPTER 1 A ; 2391 A392 A393 A394 A395 A396 A397 A398 A399 A400 A401 A402 A403 A Planned Progress404 Activities405 NUMBER OF WEEKS406 1407 2408 3409 4410 5411 6412 7413 8414 9415 10416 11417 12418 13419 Preparation OF PROPOSAL420 A421 A422 A423 A424 A425 A426 A Problem Statement It is evidently that most of the building industries may bring forth or bring forth a enormous sum of dust and besides solid waste from sites. These dusts and solid waste will go forth onto the sites for decennaries or merely dump into the sea that may do to H2O pollution non merely to our state but besides damaging the universe. In order to let building waste to be minimized, it is either by pull offing the stuff decently such as provide a good housework, provide proper stuff storage and so on or utilizing 4Rs Concept such as cut down, reuse, recycle and replace of stuff waste on site. Most of the buildings industries generate tonss of dust that can be wholly cease because in every building industry during activities in on traveling, there will be waste occurred no affair what method used to forestall it. It is depend on how the undertaking direction cut down the waste to the minimal. In Malaysia, bulk of the building industry do non take advantages or practise of utilizing reuse and recycle method and at the terminal the stuff wantonness on the building site. Consequently, this will do increasing of load on landfill lading and operation on site. Thurs, it is clip for Malaysia to get down to pull off the stuff properly and besides rehearse utilizing recycle and reused to minimise the stuff waste on site. Therefore, it is advisable to all building industries in Malaysia should get down to rehearse 4Rs Concepts in order to minimise the building waste. Research Goals Undertaking Aim The purpose of this thesis is chiefly to transport out survey sing to minimise the building waste in the building industry. The Malayan building industry should implement several methods to minimise the building waste stuff such as provide proper direction for the stuff, reuse and recycle method and so on. Therefore, all the solution should be implementing in all building industry in order to accomplish the purposes of this survey. Aims of Undertaking To place the types of waste that can be used to recycle or recycle in building industry. To analyze the benefits of building waste minimisation in building industry. To give out recommendation on how to get the better of the building waste job in building industry. Cardinal Questions What are the types of waste that can be used to recycle and recycle in building industry? What benefits can the building waste minimisation contribute to the building industry? Which types of method can be implemented to get the better of the building waste job in building industry? Background of Study Nowadays many buildings industries around the universe have produced a enormous sum of waste into this universe. Many of the waste produced from the buildings site has been dump on all over the topographic points and it will increase from clip to clip comparatively with development of rural and urban countries if building industries did non managed them decently. Therefore, building waste direction plays an of import function to minimise or command the sum of waste that produce from the building site. The Malayan building industry has now chiefly concerns sing to the sum of building waste generated in Malaysia. In many of the developed states have been utilizing reuse and recycle of building waste. Therefore, reuse and recycle have been recognised as one of the most feasible scheme to command and minimise the waste on site. In most of undertakings, more than half of the building wastes are reclaimable stuffs. There are several writers have been highlighted schemes for waste minimisation. One of the schemes that find perennial reference in the literature is the scheme referred to as 3Rs cut down, reuse, recycle. ( Shekdar, 2008 ; Wang et al. , 2008 ; Kibert and Languell, 2000 ; Teo and Loosemore, 2001 ) . Therefore, there is a good chance to implementing 4Rs construct instead than 3Rs. This is chiefly due to the 4Rs Concept is a better and feasible scheme that can be used to command and minimise the building waste. Scope of Study and Limitation This research is chiefly concentrating on the building wastes minimisation in Malayan building industry. In this research, a instance survey of building wastes minimisation in Malayan building industry which chiefly concentrating on metropoliss or town country such as Kuala Lumpur. First, this research is carry out to guarantee whether that the practise of reuse and recycle waste has been implemented in Malayan building industries. Besides that, to look into the current tendency of the waste direction in Malayan building industry in order to happen out the waste minimisation method that provides smooth flow of procedure. Second, this research is transporting out by questionnaires to the relevant respondents that have the accomplishments and cognition sing to the research subject. Not all respondents has the cognition that can lend to the research subject due to non many respondents had the experience and cognition sing to the building waste minimisation. The marks of the respondents are chiefly focus on who have the experiences and cognition sing to the building waste minimisation in Kuala Lumpur such as contractors, specializers, professionals, undertaking director, etc. Contribution of the survey First of wholly, this research is carried out due to assorted grounds. The chief ground of this research is to cut down the cost of building stuff and disposal. Due to this ground less waste will be generated means that a decreased measure of stuffs will be purchased and less waste taken to landfill will cut down gate fees for disposal every bit good. This will better recovery patterns and actuate a sustained alteration in waste direction practise in future. In order to cut down the cost of building stuff, reused and recycled building waste is the best solution to dispose the waste stuffs in the building industry. Second, reused and recycled is an economically feasible option. Using reused and recycled, the waste stuffs on site will non be dumped randomly and sent to incinerators of burned on-site or sent to landfill sites. Contractors could merely direct the stuffs to recycling Centres. From recycling of building wastes, contractors could reimburse their losingss and do a healthy net income out of it. This method is already been used in the United States. In Malaysia, reused and recycled is still non normally practise. Therefore, there is much potency to lend on the market for recycled building wastes. Therefore, our state non merely cut down the landfill sites but besides cut down a batch of disbursals on building stuff to building industry. The building industry produces significant sum of waste, which is about four times of that produced in families thereby accounting for more than 50 per cent of the waste deposited in a typical landfill ( Ferguson et al. , 1995 ; Coventry and Guthrie, 1998 ) . This means the rise of disposal costs and decreases in figure of landfills that create a demand to seek for other solutions to either cut down, recycle and reuse or supplying a good stuff storage direction for the stuff from being harm and lead to building waste. Last, the contractors in every building industry should be rehearsing 3Rs Concept or supply proper developing sing on efficiency of the material storage direction. This will hopefully to forestall losingss in the building industry because the sum of building waste generated is equal to waste of money in the building company. This research is carried out to look into the best options to minimise or dispose the waste from the site in order to do the company addition net incomes. Research Methodology This research will be focus on the benefits of the building waste direction, the types of waste used to recycle or recycle and the method used to get the better of the building waste in order to minimise the building waste in Malaysia building industry. The phases of the research methodological analysis can split into 4 phases, which are: Phase 1 Literature Review and the Pilot Study Phase 2 The Technique of Data Collections Phase 3 The Result of Analysis and Findingss Phase 4 The Conclusion and Recommendation of Data Analysis Phase 1 Literature Review and the Pilot Study The literature reappraisal is a critical and in depth rating of old research. The literature reappraisal serves to show and more understanding and cognition of theoretical and research issues related to research subject. In order to roll up information in the literature reappraisal, the secondary beginnings is implement which included diary articles, books, newspapers, magazines, on-line beginnings, senior thesis, etc. Therefore, a comprehensive of literature reappraisal sing to the building waste minimisation in Malayan building industry is carry out. These will hopefully supplying some utile information in transporting out the research subject in literature reappraisal. The literature reappraisal act as a usher to detect more cognition sing to the research subject. Phase 2 The Technique of Data Collections Primary Source Primary beginning can be collected through instance survey, questionnaire and interview. These are the effectual alternate solution that enables to roll up equal and solid information sing to research subject. The questionnaire study technique is chosen to roll up the information. Questionnaire Questionnaire will be the primary informations aggregation which was selected as study method for this research. The information aggregation is based on the open-ended questionnaires will be given out 20-50 respondents to relevant individual who has the experience and cognition in building waste direction. The questionnaire was designed in several subdivisions and classs, the questionnaires will be distribute to the building industry companies located in metropolis country of Kuala Lumpur. The mark respondents to administer the questionnaire are chiefly focus on the individual who has cognition sing to the types of waste used to recycle or recycle, the benefits of the building waste direction and the method to get the better of the building waste. Secondary Beginning Secondary beginning can be collected through diary articles and journal reappraisal. In this secondary beginning, carry out survey as much diary articles as possible in order to understand and supply aid on this research subject. Other than that, other secondary beginning in including books, newspapers, magazines, cyberspace beginnings, senior thesis will besides be carried out to carry on this thesis. The information that has been review or analyze must associate to the research subject in order to transport out this research expeditiously. Phase 3 The Result of Analysis and Findingss The informations can be collected through appraising in questionnaire method. The construction of the inquiries is based on the research subject which is minimising building waste in the Malayan building industry. Approximate 20-50 sets of inquiries are send to the relevant respondents who has the experience and cognition with the building waste minimisation. The respondents are chiefly targeted on the undertaking director, specializers, professionals, etc. After the information of questionnaires has been collected and gathered, the analysis consequence will be analysed and present into saloon charts, pie charts or histogram signifier with accounts in inside informations sing to the informations collected. Form the information that had been collected, composing up of the content of the thesis is used in this phase to compose up the consequence of analysis and findings that cover the chapters proposed in every each of the undermentioned subdivision. Decision Making EssayProcurement In the procurance, one of the chief causes of telling mistake is material order to the site is over-ordering or deficiency of telling. Besides that, the stuff purchased that do non follow with the specification. Last, deficiency of lovingness will ensue to damage of building stuffs during transit that may besides take to waste. 2.5.3 Managing Inappropriate storage of stuff will take to damage or impairment that will do wastage of stuff on site. Besides that, deficiency of confined infinite on site ever cause job for stuffs storage. In the building industry, there are many unfriendly attitudes of undertaking squad and laborers appear on site that manage the stuffs in the bad mode such as bad stacking, harm and ripening of formwork, etc. Operation Mistakes by tradespersons or laborers will take to damage of stuff on site. This mistakes cause by the tradesperson that damaging the stuff are largely accidents due to negligence. Materials that are wholly constructed to the edifice lead to damage caused by subsequent trades such as usage of wrong stuff or non harmonizing to the specification, therefore destruction and replacing are required. Therefore, this will bring forth a batch of waste during the phase of destruction and replacing of other stuff. 2.6 The impact of building waste In order to minimise or cut down the building waste in the Malayan Construction Industry, it is of import determine to effects that affect the building waste. This will hopefully forestall the bad practise of being reiterating and go on making building waste in Malayan Construction Industry. Harmonizing to Teoh ( 2009 ) said that the building industry has changed well in recent old ages, act uponing production rates, building techniques and the entire measure of stuffs used each twelvemonth. The more complicated the undertaking, the larger volume of stuffs is being used. As a consequence, Material Storage Management is so deeded in building industries as shown in the followers: Low profitableness The building waste in the building site will take to low profitableness of the undertaking. The issue of the company losingss or face low profitableness is chiefly due to the fresh stuff on site bend to blow stuff. Therefore, in every building company shall take into consideration sing the affair stated in order to minimise the building waste and besides to forestall low profitableness of the company. Construction clip hold The hold of building work may happen due to incorrect qualities and types of stuffs are used. Furthermore, every bit good as the clip spent for the Reconstruction and replacing for the goods is one of the issue in detaining building clip ( Teoh Su Ping, 2009 ) . The another issue of doing hold can be known as harm, it is occurred during the delivering of stuffs to the site, material deliver to the site excessively early, and improper storage of stuffs, so on. The chief issue of hold in building period is chiefly due to miss of planning in Material Management, the undertaking is non merely delayed but besides will do a batch of waste being generated on site. Low productiveness One of the ground that lead to low productiveness in the company which is affect by hapless direction in material storage such as improper storages for stuffs, hold stuffs bringing on site, etc. For illustration, the stuff without proper storage in a engorged site that may take to jobs of blockading the operation works. This will impact the low productiveness of the building advancement on site. High degree of stuffs wastage This is chiefly due to hapless stuffs storage direction. Most of the stuffs are being wasted due to hapless stuff handling that will probably to be damaged if topographic point on the expose country. This may be occurred because of over-ordering of stuffs supply. Other than that, this will besides do higher lever of stuffs loss, hooliganism and so on. Poor stuffs storage The stuffs without proper planning of the topographic point to hive away the stuff, the stuff will be ended up neglect on site and do the handiness of site congested. The location of the material storage should be program sagely in order to hive away the stuff in the right status or topographic point to forestall from stealer and besides workers who work on site. For illustration, if the valuable stuffs stored in an unfastened shop such as door cupboard, tiles, etc which will usually being stolen by foreign workers. Therefore, the stuffs should be kept in the safe topographic point to forestall lost. Materials deficit or surpluss on site This is chiefly cause by improper planning of telling and presenting of stuff goods, there is a high inclination of confronting the stuffs shortage on site. Excess of stuffs delivered to the site has the high potency on making batch storage jobs. Besides that, if the building stuffs are delivered on site excessively early, this may be a high per centum of hazard that stuffs being damaged on site ( Teoh Su Ping, 2009 ) . 2.7 The building waste minimisation steps Construction waste minimisation steps should be implementing to supply minimum waste on site. There are several steps need to be taken in order to minimise the waste on site. The steps such as: Standardization of design to better buildability and cut down the measure of off-cuts Standardization has the possible to dramatically cut down the current production of building waste. By planing room countries and ceiling highs in multiples of standard stuff sizes a significant decrease in off-cuts had been achieved ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Stock control measures to avoid the over ordination of stuffs Over-ordering of stuffs emerged as a peculiarly important country of site direction control taking to stuffs wastage. Tighter stock control measures coupled to the careful monitoring of on-site advancement had helped to cut down the sum of unneeded waste. Merely raising consciousness of this issue amongst site directors had provably shown to cut down waste degrees in several of the instance survey undertakings ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Improved instruction of the work force All of the sources agreed that the attitudes of secret agents accounted for a important proportion of on-site wastage. Toolbox negotiations were a scheme used on most of the instance survey undertakings to educate secret agents in the benefits of waste minimization ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Supply concatenation confederations with suppliers/recycling companies This step aimed at covering with waste in the most effectual mode to cut down the impact produced. Partnerships with providers had led to extra stuffs being removed, reprocessed and in some instances, reused. Such patterns were supported with fiscal inducements for waste minimization ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Provision of waste skips for specific stuffs Centrally commanding skips for stuffs had helped to advance a civilization of stuff segregation and recycling. Retaining duty for waste direction besides allowed the chief contractor to keep control over remotion of waste and recovering costs through recycling. ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Just-in-time bringing scheme Reducing the clip that stuffs were stored on site reduced the potency for harm from hapless handling and elements. Adopting a just-in-time bringing scheme had eliminated long-run site storage every bit good as cut downing the possible for over-ordering stuffs on several undertakings ( Andrew R.J. Dainty, 2004 ) . Execution of a waste decrease model program The Hong Kong Government launched a Waste Reduction Framework Plan ( WRFP ) in 1998 ( WDO, 2003 ) . The program aims to better public consciousness on waste decrease. The WRFP sets out programmes to avoid and understate waste ; promote recovery, recycling and reuse of waste stuffs ; protract the life of bing landfills and cut down the increasing costs of waste transit, intervention and disposal. The WRFP besides provides suggestions on how different economic sectors can integrate assorted waste decrease steps into their concern patterns. The program is expected to convey a alteration from the traditional attitude of roll uping and transporting waste to the bar and reuse of waste stuffs ( Vivian W.Y. Tam, 2007 ) . WRFP specifies six aims ( WRFP, 1998 ) : Widening the utile life of the strategic landfills ; Understating the sum of waste to be disposed ; Helping conserve the Earth s non-renewable resources ; Increasing the waste recycling rate ; Understating the costs of aggregation, intervention and disposal of waste ; and Bettering institutional agreements ( WRFP, 1998 ) . Implementing recycling strategy Whilst waste recycling has been adopted in Hong Kong, the pattern is chiefly promoted among commercial and industrial sectors. Recycling has non been efficaciously promoted among building practicians ( EPD, 2001 ) . To advance recycling in the private building sector, a Demonstration Scheme ( DEMOS ) has been introduced to promote the acceptance of new engineerings in waste minimization and recycling. In order to foster better recycling consciousness, the authorities intends to supply inducements for people to put up recycling workss. Intermediate sorting workss for building waste are being provided as a agency of guaranting that the minimal sum ends up in landfills and that the bulk is recycled or reused for land renewal sites ( Vivian W.Y. Tam, 2007 ) . The method to minimise the building waste The 4Rs Concept The definition of 4R construct can be mentioning to cut down, reuse, recycle and replace which is well-known and common utilizing in most of the developed states. The significance of 4Rs Concept is that cut downing the usage of stuffs and goods so that the potency of waste on site will be cut down. The following solution will be utilizing the reuse and recycle of the natural stuffs and reclaimable stuffs turn into utile stuffs that can be continue usage in building site. Other than that, replace such as replacing of another stuff that has a longer lifetime. For illustrations, replacing lumber formworks as IBS system formworks that can non be easy turn up to waste. The 4Rs Concept can be categorise as: Reduce Reduce can be defined as cut down the usage of the building stuffs and goods in order to minimise or cut down waste. This will guarantee that less use of building stuffs and therefore guarantee less waste being bring forth on site. ( Alam, 2012 ) . Reuse Reuse can be defined as usage building stuffs that can be reuse as many clip to avoiding the usage of disposable goods that merely used one time. Use of stuffs that can be reuse and this can hopefully pro-long the usage of stuffs and goods before they degradation into waste ( Alam, 2012 ) . Recycle Recycle can be defined as recycle the reclaimable stuffs into goods that can still be used in the building industry. Unfortunately, non all building waste can be used to recycle but the many of the building industry has started to pattern in United States. When waste stuffs are recycled, these provide industry with an alternate beginning of natural stuffs. This consequences in less demand for virgin stuffs whoseA extraction, conveyance and processing are major beginnings of nursery gas emanations. Recycling non merely reduces nursery gas emanations but besides minimising the building waste every bit good ( Alam, 2012 ) . Replace Replace can be defined as replacing of an alternate stuff that has a long lifetime which can be used for a long period and barely turn into waste. For illustrations, replacing lumber formworks as IBS system formworks that is lasting plenty to stand for longer period. The types of recycling building stuffs Bricks and blocks The lifetime of the Bricks and blocks can be last for about over 100 old ages. The bricks and blocks that have been antecedently used in the building industries can be used to recycle and recycle. Most of the beginnings of brick and block turned up to blow chiefly cause by harm during on and off lading, inordinate of over ordination and so on. The waste of brick and block are largely come from walls, column, bing edifice which include of common clay bricks, aerated blocks and precast concrete. The undamaged brick and block can be reused in the other new undertaking. Other than recycling the brick and block, the brick and block that is harm can besides be used to recycle as ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) : To do sum for the usage of general fill or main road sub-base in landscape gardening. To fabricate new bricks and blocks To do such surface as tennis tribunals and sports paths as works substrate Glass The spectacless that have been antecedently used in the building industries can be process into a functional stuff. Most of the glass waste can be found in the destruction undertakings such as the broken Fluorescent lighting, Windowss and mirror and besides the Structural spectacless such as the modern offices with high terminal spectacless around the edifice. The chief causes of glass wastage are over telling of stuffs, breakages during installing and harm during storage ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) . The glass is a really delicate stuff which required careful handling. Therefore, the storage for glass stuffs should be after cleverly and sagely in order to minimise or hopefully to forestall it from broken. The glass waste in the building industry can be used to recycle and recycle by traveling into a procedure of suppression, testing to take taint, air categorization, and size categorization, rinsing and drying of the glass waste. After the glass has been all of the procedure phases, the glass can be known as cured glass. The cured glass can be used as cosmetic stuffs, filtration medium, insularity, containers and so on. Forests Most of the forests that have been antecedently used in the building industries can be used to recycle. Most of the wood waste can be found in the assortment of signifiers in the undertakings due to the used of wood as lumber formwork is common used in Malayan building Industries. The chief causes of wood waste are palettes, crates, beams, window and door frames, doors, floor boards, shuttering, fencing and panels, such as hardboard ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) . The wood waste that obtained in building industry can be used to recycle by fabricating wood wastes, recyclable and reclaimable wood stuffs from destruction and building, including palettes, the wood is chipped for other utilizations. Plastic Most of the plastic that have been used in the building industries are chiefly organ pipe, window frames, interior adjustments and so on. The chief causes of fictile waste are over-estimated of telling and disposal of off-cuts and fresh stuffs, over-specified undertaking design, hapless storage and handling and so on. The scope of fictile waste that obtained in building industry can be used to recycle as polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) , high denseness polythene ( HDPE ) , low denseness polythene ( LDPE ) , polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) and besides ABS ( a copolymer of propenonitrile, butadiene and cinnamene ) polymers. Gypsum gypsum board Most of the gypsum gypsum board is manufactured into gypsum board, plaster and other specializer boards for fire protection. The causes of gypsum gypsum board waste are damaged due to hapless design, hapless storage and handling, over ordination, disposal of fresh stuffs and off-site film editing ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) . The plasterboard wastage can be generated in the building industry during the installing. The options for recycling waste gypsum board produced on your building site include ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) : Sending waste to independent gypsum board recyclers to do into new gypsum board and cement Sending waste to household waste recycling Centres Using gypsum as a dirt conditioner Using gypsum to do bathroom furniture moldings Insulation The insularity that has been antecedently used in the building industries can be used to recycle every bit good. Most of the insularity wastes can be found in the destruction and refurbishment undertakings. Insulation stuffs such as fiberglass, mineral wool, polystyrene, spray froth, polyurethane, fiberboard and so on. These insularity stuffs are really delicate which required careful installing. The causes of insularity waste chiefly due to over-estimate of telling and harm of fresh stuffs, telling the incorrect specifications or types of insularity, over-designed undertakings, hapless pre-formed design, hapless storage and handling. These are the chief causes of wastage for insularity that Malayan building industry normally faced. The options for recycling waste insularity produced on your building site include ( Business Gateway, n.d. ) : Direct reuse of off-cuts Returning stuffs through take-back strategies offered by makers Compressed stone wool ceiling tile industry Reclamation and reprocessing after taking drosss such as prison guards and nails 3.0 The benefits of minimising the building waste Harmonizing to El-Haggar ( 2007 ) , proper building waste direction will supply economic benefits by diminishing the cost of the undertaking through proper execution of a waste direction program. Apart from economic benefits, waste direction may positively lend to the undermentioned facets ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) : Cost economy and net income maximization An increased accent on waste decrease, reuse and recycling may bring forth favorable results such as cost economy. Unnecessary purchase of new building stuffs that may be substituted by reused or recycled 1s consequences in extra costs. In add-on, bring forthing less waste from building undertakings consequences in decrease in disposal costs and landfill charges ; finally cutting down the entire undertaking costs. Furthermore, the cost economy, in bend, can maximise net income ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . Reduced demand for landfill infinites Minimizing the sum of waste sent to landfills for disposal can take to less demand for landfill and decrease of negative environmental effects such as noise, pollution effects of landfill every bit good as emanation and residues from incinerators ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . Improved resource direction Waste direction besides involves be aftering and control of resources committed to undertakings in order to command the sum of waste generated. Therefore, better control of resources may be achieved with decrease in waste every bit good as betterment of full resource direction public presentation ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . Image betterment Implementing waste direction as a company policy may let companies to heighten their public images as environmental-friendly companies heightening their feeling on clients ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . Productivity and quality betterment Productiveness can be improved by avoiding holds caused by reordering and buy backing of stuffs that have been wasted one time. By choosing stuff of good quality and lastingness, important sum of waste coevals caused by replacing of hapless choice stuff during the life rhythm of installations can be avoided ( Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010 ) . 3.1 Drumhead In this chapter, the causes and impact of the building waste has been carried out survey to understand what is the causes and impact that the building waste in the Malayan building industry. Therefore, there are several steps has been implemented to minimise the building waste. In this chapter, the 4Rs Concept has been implemented whether it has the potency of to minimise the waste in the Malayan building industry. Other than that, the types of stuffs that can be used to recycle and recycle were identified in this chapter. Last, the benefits of minimising the building waste which besides been discussed. The survey of this research subject is to discourse whether Malayan building industry did practise of the 4Rs Concept or non. Work Programme and Time Table Activities NUMBER OF WEEKS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Preparation OF PROPOSAL A A A A A A A A A A A A A Identify and finalize the research subject A A A A A A A A A A A A A Fix the thesis proposal A A A A A A A A A A A A A Allow the supervisor to O.K. on the subject A A A A A A A A A A A A A Prepare working programme and clip tabular array A A A A A A A A A A A A A Find beginnings sing to the research subject A A A A A A A A A A A A A Carry out in deepness survey on the Articles A A A A A A A A A A A A A Chapter 1 Introduction A A A A A A A A A A A A A Introduction A A A A A A A A A A A A A Research Goals ( Aim and Objectives ) A A A A A A A A A A A A A Background of Study A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scope of Study and Limitation A A A A A A A A A A A A A Research Methodology A A A A A A A A A A A A A Summaries of Chapters A A A A A A A A A A A A A Submit first bill of exchange of chapter 1 for look intoing A A A A A A A A A A A A A Improve and do good on overall Chapter 1 A A A A A A A A A A A A A Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW A A A A A A A A A A A A A Undertake literature reappraisal A A A A A A A A A A A A A Fix the constructions of the literature reappraisal A A A A A A A A A A A A A Write literature reappraisal A A A A A A A A A A A A A Submit first bill of exchange of chapter 2 for look intoing A A A A A A A A A A A A A Improve and do good on overall Chapter 2 A A A A A A A A A A A A A SUBMISSION OF CHAPTER 1 A ; 2 A A A A A A A A A A A A A Planned Progress Activities NUMBER OF WEEKS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Preparation OF PROPOSAL A A A A A A A